Aquatic Organisms
Behnke, R.J. and M. Zarn. (1976) Biology and management of threatened and endangered western trout. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station. General Technical Report RM-38.
Bergensen Eric and Dennis Anderson. (1997) The Distribution and Spread of Myxobolus Cerebralis in the United States. Fisheries 22 (8): 6-7.
Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Team . (1998) Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan. Prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado.
Poff, N.L. (1997). Landscape filters and species trait: towards mechanistic understanding and prediction in stream ecology. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16:391-409.
Vincent, R.E. and W.H. Miller. (1969) Altitudinal distribution of Brown Trout and other fishes in a headwater tributary of the South Platte River, Colorado. Ecology, 50 (3):464-466.
Wallace, J.B and J.R Webster . (1996) The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function. Annual Review of Entomology 41:115-139.
Beaver References
Click Here to go to In-Channel Wood References
Breck, S. 2001. The effects of flow regulation on the population biology and ecology of beavers in Northwestern Colorado. Dissertation. Colorado State University.
Butler, D. R. 1995. Zoogeomorphology: Animals as Geomorphic Agents. Cambridge University Press. London.
Gurnell, A. M. 1998. The hydrogeomorphological effects of beaver dam-building activity. Progress in Physical Geography 22, 2 pp. 167-189.
Ives, R.L. 1942. The beaver-meadow complex. Journal of Geomorphology, 5, 191-203.
Naiman, R.J., C.A. Johnston, and J.C Kelley. 1988. Alteration of North American streams by beaver. BioScience, 38, 753-762.
Olson, R. and W.A. Hubert. 1994. Beaver: water resources and riparian habitat managers. University of Wyoming, Laramie, 48 pp.
Rutherford, W.H. 1964. The beaver in Colorado: its biology, ecology, management and economics. Colorado Game, Fish and Parks Dept., Technical Publ. No. 17, 49 pp.
Westbrook, C. J. 2005. Beavers as drivers in hydrogeomorphic and ecological processes in a mountain valley. Dissertation. Colorado State University.
Westbrook, C.J., D.J. Cooper, and B.W. Baker. 2006. Beaver dams and overbank floods influence groundwater-surface water interactions of a Rocky Mountain riparian area. Water Resources Research, 42, W06404.
Channel Morphology References
Legleiter, C.J., Phelps, T.J., Wohl, E.E., (2007) Geostatistical analysis of the effects of stage and roughness on reach-scale spatial patterns of velocity and turbulence intensity. Geomorphology 83: 322-345.
Montgomery, D.R. (1999) Process domains and the river continuum. Journal of the American Water Resources Research Association Vol. 35, No. 2, 397-410.
Montgomery, D.R. and J.M. Buffington. (1997) Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 109: 596-611.
Rathburn, S., Wohl, E. (2003) Predicting fine sediment dynamics along a pool-riffle mountain channel. Geomorphology 55: 111-124.
Thompson, D.M., Wohl, E.E., Jarrett, R.D. (1999) Velocity reversals and sediment sorting in pools and riffles controlled by channel constrictions. Geomorphology 27: 229-241.
Wilcox, A.C., Wohl, E.E. (2007) Field measurements of three-dimensional hydraulics in a step-pool channel. Geomorphology 83: 215-231.
Wohl, E. (2007) Channel-unit hydraulics in a pool-riffle channel. Physical Geography Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 233-248.
Wohl, E., Kuzma, J.N., Brown, N.E. (2004) Reach-scale channel geometry of a mountain river. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29: 969-981.
Wohl, E., Legleiter, C.J. (2003) Controls on Pool Characteristics along a Resistant-Boundary Channel. Journal of Geology Vol. 111, p. 103-114.
Wohl, E., Merritt, D. (2005) Prediction of mountain stream morphology. Water Resources Research, Vol. 41, WO8419, doi:10.1029/2004WR003779.
Wohl, E., Merritt, D.M. (2008) Reach-scale channel geometry of mountain streams. Geomorphology 93: 168-185.
Disturbance Regime (Flood and Debris Flow) References 
Benavides-Solorio, J. and MacDonald. L.H. 2001. Post-fire runoff and erosion from simulated rainfall on small plots, Colorado Front Range. Hydrological Processes 15: 2931-2952.
Caine, N. 1984. Elevational contrasts in contemporary geomorphic activity in the Colorado Front Range. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho Balcanica XVIII: 5-31.
Caine, T.N. 1986. Sediment movement and storage on alpine slopes in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. In, A.D. Abrahams, ed., Hillslope processes. Allen and Unwin, Boston, p. 115-137.
Cannon, S.H. 2000. Debris-flow response of southern California watersheds burned by wildfire. In, G.F. Wieczorek and N.D. Naeser, eds., Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, p. 45-52.
Cannon, S.H., Kirkham, R.M. and Parise, M. 2001. Wildfire-related debris-flow initiation processes, Storm King Mountain, Colorado. Geomorphology 39: 171-188.
Cannon, S.H., Gartner, J.E., Wilson, R.C., Bowers, J.C., and Laber, J.L. 2008. Storm rainfall conditions for floods and debris flows from recently burned areas in southwestern Colorado and southern California. Geomorphology 96: 250-269.
Coe, J.A. and J.W. Godt, 2003. Historical debris flows along the interstate-70 corridor in Clear Creek County, Central Colorado.
Costa, JE and Jarrett, RD, 1981. Debris flows in small mountain stream channels of Colorado and their hydrologic implications. Association of Engineering Geologists XVIII: 309-322.
Dietrich, W.E., Dunne, T., Humphrey, N., Reid, L.M., 1982. Construction of sediment budgets for drainage basins. In: Swanson, F.J., Janda, R.J., Dunne, T., Swanston, D.N. (Eds.), Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins. General Technical Report PNW-141. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR, pp. 5–23.
Follansbee and Sawyer, 1948. Floods in Colorado. Water Supply Paper 997 for the United States Geological Survey. United States Government Printing Office.
Godt, J.W. and Coe, J.A. 2006. Alpine debris flows triggered by a 28 July 1999 thunderstorm in the central Front Range, Colorado.
Julien, P.Y. 2002. River Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Martin D. and Moody J. 2001. Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front Range, 2001. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26, 1049-1070.
Meyer, G.A., Wells, S.G., Balling, R.C., and Jull, A.J.T. 1992. Response of alluvial systems to fire and climate change in Yellowstone National Park. Nature 357: 147-150.
Nakamura 2000. Disturbance regimes of stream and riparian systems - a disturbance-cascade perspective. Hydrologic Processes, Volume 14, Issue 16-17 , Pages 2849 – 2860.
Reeves, G.H., Benda, L.E., Burnett, K.M., Bisson, P.A., Sedell,J.R., 1995. A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17, 334–349.
Savage, M. and Mast, J.N. 2005. How resilient are southwestern ponderosa pine forests after crown fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 35: 967-977.
Shroba, R. R., P. W. Schmidt, E. J. Crosby, W. R.Hansen, and J. M. Soule, 1979. Geologic and geomorphic effects in the Big Thompson Canyonarea, Larimer County. Pages 87-152 in U.S. Geological Survey, editor. Storm and flood of July31-August 1, 1976, in the Big Thompson River and Cache la Poudre River basins, Larimer and WeldCounties, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1115-B. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., USA.
Swanston 1991 Swanston, D.N., 1991. Natural processes. In: Meehan, W.R. (Ed.), Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats. Am. Fish. Soc. Special Pub. 19, Bethesda, MD.
Wells, W.G. 1987. The effects of fire on the generation of debris flows in southern California. In, J.E. Costa and G.F. Wieczorek, eds., Debris flows/avalanches: process, recognition and mitigation. Geological Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology VII: 105-114.
Wohl, E. 2005. Compromised Rivers: Understanding Historical Human Impactson Rivers in the Context of Restoration. Restoration. Ecology and Society 10(2): 2.
Wohl, E.E. and Pearthree, P.A. 1991. Debris flows as geomorphic agents in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona. Geomorphology 4: 273-292.
Wondzell, S.M. and J.G. King 2003. Postfire erosional processes in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain regions.
Hillslope Influences (Biodisturbance and Fire) References 
Benavides-Solorio, J. and Macdonald, L.H. 2005. Measurement and prediction of post-fire erosion at the hillslope scale, Colorado Front Range. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14: 457 - 474.
Bethlahmy, N., 1974. More streamflow after a bark beetle epidemic. Journal of Hydrology 23: 185 – 189.
Fettig, C.J., K.D. Klepzig, R.F. Billings, A.S. Munson, T.E. Nebeker, J.F. Negron, and J.T. Nowak. 2007. The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. Forest and Ecology Management 238: 24 - 53.
Hadley, K.S., and T.T. Veblen. 1992. Stand response to western spruce budworm and Douglas-fir bark beetle outbreaks, Colorado Front Range. Canadian Journal of Forest Restoration 23: 479 - 491.
Jenkins, M.J., Herbertson, E., Wesley, and P., Jorgensen, C.A. 2008. Bark beetles, fuels, fires and implications for forest management in the Intermountain West. Forest Ecology and Management 254: 16 - 34.
Kaufman, M.R., Huckaby, L. and Gleason, P. 2000. Ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range: long historical fire and tree recruitment intervals and a case for landscape heterogeneity. Proceedings Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop, Boise, ID, Volume 1: 153 - 160.
Kaufman, M.R. Veblen, T.T. and Romme, W.H. 2006. Historical fire regimes in the ponderosa pine forests of the Colorado Front Range, and recommendations for ecological restoration and fuels management. Front Range Fuels Treatment Partnership Roundtable, findings of the Ecology Workgroup.
Macdonald, L.H., and Larsen, I.J. In press. Effects of Forest Fires and Post-Fire Rehabilitation: A Colorado Case Study. Chapter in review for A. Cerda and P. Robichaud (eds.), Restoration Strategies after Forest Fires, Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, USA: 45 pp.
Macdonald, L.H. and Stednick, J.D. 2003. Forests and Water: A state-of-the-art review for Colorado. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Completion Report NO. 196, Fort Collins: 65 pp.
Martin, D.A. and Moody, J.A. 2001. Comparison of soil infiltration rates in burned and unburned mountainous watersheds. Hydrological Processes 15: 2893 - 2903.
Moody, J.A. and Martin, D.A. 2001. Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front Range. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26: 1049 - 1070.
Negron, J.F. 1998. Probability of infestation and extent of mortality associated with the Douglas-fir beetle in the Colorado Front Range. Forest Ecology and Management 107: 71-85.
Negron, J.F., J.A. Anhold, and A.S. Munson. 2001. Within-stand spatial distribution of tree mortality caused by Douglas-fir beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environmental Entomology 30(2): 215-224.
Negron, J.F. and J.B. Popp. 2004. Probability of ponderosa pine infestation by mountain pine beetle in the Colorado Front Range. Forest Ecology and Management 191: 17-27.
Romme, W.H., J. Clement, J. Hicke, D. Kulakowski, L.H. MacDonald, T.L. Schoennagel, and T.T. Veblen. 2006. Recent forest insect outbreaks and fire risk in Colorado forests: a brief synthesis of relevant research. Unpublished report, CSU. http://www.cfri.colostate.edu/reports.htm
Roovers, L.M. and A.J. Rebertus. 1993. Stand dynamics and conservation of an old-growth Engelmann spruce- subalpine fir forest in Colorado. Natural Areas Journal 13 (4): 256-267.
Shakesby, R.A. and Doerr, S.H. 2006. Wildfire as a hydrological and geomorphological agent. Earth-Science Review 74: 269 - 307.
Sheriff, R.L. and Veblen, T.T. 2007. A spatially-explicit reconstruction of historical fire occurrence in the ponderosa pine zone of the Colorado Front Range. Ecosystems 10: 311 - 323.
Veblen, T.T. and J.A. Donnegan. 2006. Historical range of variability for forest vegetation of the national forests of the Colorado Front Range. USDA Forest Service Report, p. 76-102.
Home Page
Anderson RS, CA Riihimaki, EB Safran, and KR MacGregor (2006), Facing reality: late Cenozoic evolution of smooth peaks, glacially ornamented valleys, and deep river gorges of Colorado’s Front Range, in SD Willett et al., eds., Tectonics, climate, and landscape evolution, Geological Society of America Special Paper 398, Boulder, CO, p 397-418.
Bradley WC (1987), Erosion surfaces of the Colorado Front Range: a review, in WL Graf, ed., Geomorphic systems of North America, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, p 215-220.
Crowley PD, PW Reiners, JM Reuter, and GD Kaye (2002), Laramide exhumation of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming: An apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology study, Geology, 30, 27-30.
Madole RF, DP Van Sistine, and JA Michael (1998), Pleistocene glaciation in the upper Platte River drainage basin, Colorado. 1:500,000 scale map, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO.
Tweto O (1979), Geologic map of Colorado. 1:500,000 scale map, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO.
Veblen TT and JA Donnegan (2005), Historical range of variability for forest vegetation of the national forests of the Colorado Front Range. Final report, USDA Forest Service agreement no. 1102-0001-99-033, USDA Forest Service, Golden, CO, 151 pp.
Hydroclimatology References
Collins, D. L., Doesken, N. J., and Stanton, W. P. ,1991. "Colorado Floods and Droughts." National Water Summary 1988-89: Hydrologic Events and Floods and Droughts: United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2375, R. W. Paulson, E. B. Chase, R. S. Roberts, and D. W. Moody, eds., U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 207-214.
Hansen W.R., Chronic J., and Matelock J. ,1978. Climatography of the Front Range Urban Corridor and Vicinity, Colorado, Geological Survey Professional Paper 1019. United States Government Printing Office, Washington.
Jarret and Costa . 1988. Evaluation of the Flood Hydrology in the Colorado Front Range Using Precipitation, Streamflow, and Paleoflood Data for the Big Thompson River Basin, US Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 87-4117.
Reference for Process Annual Precipitation - USDA/NRCS - National Cartography & Geospatial Center
Description: Vector dataset provides derived average annual precipitation according to a model using point precipitation and elevation data for the 30-year period of 1961-1990.
Reference for Processed Monthly Precipitation - USDA/NRCS - National Cartography & Geospatial Center
Description: Vector dataset provides derived average monthly precipitation according to a model using point precipitation and elevation data for the 30-year period of 1960-1990.
Reference for Watershed Boundaries Map - USDA/NRCS - National Cartography & Geospatial Center
Description: 8-Digit HUC Hydrologic Units 1:250,000. This dataset was compiled originally to provide the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) study units with an intermediate-scale river basin boundary for extracting other GIS data layers. The data can also be used for illustration purposes at intermediate or small scales (1:250K to 1:2M). Calendar Date: 1994
Reference for Cities, Roadways, Lakes, and Streams on Maps - Colorado Department of Transportation
Description: Vector digital data.
Titles: Governmental_Unit.Cities, Roadway.Highways, Hydrography.Lakes, Hydrography.Streams
Publication Date: 12-31-2006
In-Channel Wood References
Click here for Beaver References
Bisson, P.A., Bilby, R.E., Bryant, M.D., Dollof, C.A., Grette, G.B., House, R.A., Murphy, M.L., Koski, K.V. and Sedell, J.R. 1987. Large woody debris in forested streams in the Pacific Northwest: past, present, and future. In, E.O. Salo and T.W. Cundy, eds., Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington, Seattle, pp. 143-190.
Bragg, D.C., J.L. Kershner, and D.W. Roberts (2000), Modeling Large Woody Debris Recruitment for Small Streams of the Central Rocky Mountains, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-55, 36pp., USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colo.
Brooks, A.P., G.J. Brierley, and R.G. Millar. 2003. The long-term control of vegetation and woody debris on channel and flood-plain evolution: insights from a paired catchment study in southeastern Australia. Geomorphology, 51, 7-29.
Curran, J.H. and E.E. Wohl. 2003. Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington. Geomorphology, 51, 141-157.
Daniels, M.D. and B.L. Rhoads. 2003. Influence of a large woody debris obstruction on three-dimensional flow structure in a meander bend. Geomorphology, 51, 159-173.
Jeffries, R., S.E. Darby and D.A. Sear. 2003. The influence of vegetation and organic debris on flood-plain sediment dynamics: case study of a low-order stream in the New Forest, England. Geomorphology, 51, 61-80.
Kail, J. 2003. Influence of large woody debris on the morphology of six central European streams. Geomorphology, 51, 207-223.
Keller, E.A., and F.J. Swanson (1979), Effects of large organic debris on channel form and fluvial processes, Earth Surface Processes, 4, 361-380.
Maser, C. and Sedell, J.R. 1994. From the forest to the sea: the ecology of wood in streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Florida.
May, C.L., and R.E. Gresswell 2003a. Large wood recruitment and redistribution in headwater streams in the southern Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A., Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33, 1352-1362.
May, C.L. and R.E. Gresswell. 2003b. Processes and rates of sediment and wood accumulation in headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 28, 409-424.
Montgomery, D.R. and Wohl, E.E. 2004. Rivers and riverine landscapes. In, A.R. Gillespie, S.C. Porter, and B.F. Atwater, eds., The Quaternary period in the United States. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 221-246.
Nowakowski, A.L. (2007), Mapping wood distributions in mountain streams, Bighorn National Forest, Wyoming, M.S. thesis, 89 pp., Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
Nowakowski, A.L. and E. Wohl. In press. Influences on wood load in mountain streams of the Bighorn National Forest, Wyoming, USA. Environmental Management.
Raikow, D.F., Grubbs, S.A. and Cummins, K.W. 1995. Debris dam dynamics and coarse particulate organic matter retention in an Appalachian mountain stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 14, 535-546.
Richmond, A.D., and K.D. Fausch (1995), Characteristics and function of large woody debris in subalpine Rocky Mountain streams in northern Colorado, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 1789-1802.
Wohl, E. 2001. Virtual rivers: lessons from the mountain rivers of the Colorado Front Range. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
Wohl, E. 2004. Disconnected rivers: linking rivers to landscapes. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
Wohl, E. and J.R. Goode. In press. Wood dynamics in headwater streams of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Water Resources Research.
Wohl, E.E., and K.L. Jaeger. in press. Longitudinal distribution of wood and wood jams along headwater streams in the Colorado Front Range. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.
Zelt, R.B., and E.E. Wohl. 2004. Channel and woody debris characteristics in adjacent burned and unburned watersheds a decade after wildfire, Park County, Wyoming, Geomorphology, 57, 217-233.
Land Use Page References
Allen, A.W., 1983. Habitat suitability index models: beaver. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ft. Collins, CO.
Butler, D.R. and G.P. Malanson, 1995. Sedimentation rates and patterns in beaver ponds in a mountain environment. Geomorphology 13: 255-269.
Cassells, E.S., 1983. The archaeology of Colorado. Johnston Books, Boulder, CO. Gurnell, A.M., 1998. The hydrogeomorphological effects of beaver dam-building activity. Progress in Physical Geography 22: 167-189.
Hilmes, M.M. and E.E. Wohl, 1995. Changes in channel morphology associated with placer mining. Physical Geography 16: 223-242.
Lorch, B., 1998. Transport and aquatic impacts of highway traction sand and salt near Vail Pass, Colorado. Unpublished MS thesis, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, 148 pp.
McCarthy, J.M., 2008. Factors influencing ecological recovery downstream of diversion dams in southern Rocky Mountain streams. Unpublished MS thesis, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, 114 pp.
Merritt, D.M. and E.E. Wohl, 2006. Plant dispersal along rivers fragmented by dams. River Research and Applications 22: 1-26.
Naiman, R.J., J.M. Melillo, and J.E. Hobbie, 1986. Ecosystem alteration of boreal forest streams by beaver (Castor canadensis). Ecology 67: 1254-1269.
Richmond, A.D. and K.D. Fausch, 1995. Characteristics and function of large woody debris in subalpine Rocky Mountain streams in northern Colorado. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: 1789-1802.
Ryan, S., 1997. Morphologic response of subalpine streams to transbasin flow diversion. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33: 839-854.
Silva, M., 1986. Placer gold recovery methods. Division of Mines and Geology, California Department of Conservation, Special Publication 87.
Wohl, E.E., 2001. Virtual rivers: lessons from the mountain rivers of the Colorado Front Range. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 210 pp.
Wroten, W.H., 1956. The railroad tie industry in the central Rocky Mountain region: 1867-1900. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO.
Young, M.K., D. Haire, and M.A. Bozek, 1989. The effect and extent of railroad tie drives in streams of southeastern Wyoming. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 9: 125-130.
Riparian Vegetation References
Gregory, S.S., Swanson, F.F., McKee, W.W. and Cummins, K.K., 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. BioScience, 41(8): 540.
Hagan, J.M., Pealer, S.S., and Whitman, A.A., 2006. Do small headwater streams have a riparian zone defined by plant communities? Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36(9): 2131-2140.
Hupp, C.R. and Osterkamp, W.R., 1996. Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphic processes. Geomorphology, 14(4): 277.
Lytle, D.A., and Merritt, D.M., 2004. Hydrologic regimes and riparian forests: a structured population model for cottonwood. Ecology, 85(9): 2493.
Naiman, R.J., Décamps, H. and McClain, M.E., 2005. Riparia: ecology, conservation, and management of streamside communities. Elsevier Academic, Burlington, MA, xv, 430 pp.
Nilsson, C.C. and Svedmark, M.M., 2002. Basic Principles and Ecological Consequences of Changing Water Regimes: Riparian Plant Communities. Environmental management, 30(4): 468.
Veblen, T.T. and Lorenz, D.C., 1991. The Colorado Front Range: A Century of Ecological Change. University of Utah Press: Salt Lake City Utah. 186 pp.